The Bacchanal: Ancient Rome to the Renaissance
In ancient times, Roman feasts were legendary. Frescoes on palace walls in Pompeii have been known to depict the act of vomiting after eating large quantities of food in order to continue the revelry. In the Renaissance, the Bacchanal (the feast of Silenius aka Bacchus, the God of Wine) was a common subject for painters such as Poussin, Titian, Velazquez and Rubens.
XIR57185 Ministrant Carrying a Tray of Food with Silenius Playing a Lyre and a Young Satyr Playing a Syrinx, North Wall, Oecus 5, 60-50 BC (fresco)Villa dei Misteri, Pompeii, Italy
XIR944 Triumph of Bacchus, 1628 (oil on canvas) by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez (1599-1660) Prado, Madrid, Spain
CND239915 Banquet Scene from the Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, early 15th century (vellum) by Limbourg Brothers (fl.1400-1416) Musee Conde, Chantilly, France
High Society in the Middle Ages
Sandwiched in between antiquity and the Renaissance, came the more austere period of the Middle Ages. The daily life of Medieval courtiers and royalty was chronicled in manuscripts called Books of Hours. These books typically contained scenes from the life of the person who commissioned the book along with prayers and church and lunar calendars. One of the most important of these manuscripts is the 15th century Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, which contains elaborate illustrations such as the detail of the Duke's household exhanging gifts over a meal (left).
Still Life & Merry Company in the Dutch Golden Age
17th century Dutch painters were masters of realism, but ingrained in every painting is an allegorical view of nature that conveyed moralizing messages to its contemporary viewer. These still life paintings look inviting enough to eat, but nestled within are subtle messages about the transcience of life: partially peeled fruit, a toppled glass, a half-eaten pie. Artists such as Willem Claesz Heda, Pieter Claesz and Willem Kalf were masters of this genre. Dutch painters were also wonderful at painting scenes of everyday life which have come to be known as merry companies. They involve a group of people enjoying food, drink and music or games in a private house or tavern. Like the still life paintings the mundane subject matter always contained a hidden moral subtext. Frans Hals, Jan Steen and Gerrit van Honthorst are artists who excelled in this genre at the height of the Dutch Golden Age, but it could be said that Pieter Bruegel is the father of the merry company.
PHD29813 Still life with the Drinking-Horn of the St. Sebastian Archer's Guild, Lobster and Glasses, c. 1653 (oil on canvas) by Kalf, Willem (1622-93)/ National Gallery, London, UK
KSL280730 The Bean Feast, 1668 (oil on canvas) by Steen, Jan Havicksz (1626-79), Gemaeldegalerie Alta Meister, Kassel, Germany/ Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel Ute Brunzel
SSI47750 Flask, Glass and Fruit, 1877 by Paul CezanneSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, USA
Quiet Celebrations of Beauty
The Impressionists and Post-Impressionists also painted everyday subject matter, but without the Dutch penchant for moral subtext. No longer was a still life painting a beautiful shell for a deeper message. Painters such as Cezanne and Pierre Bonnard saw beauty, light and color in simple peaches, apples and table settings. Their paintings are quiet celebrations, but celebrations nonetheless.
LIV45044 The American Wild Turkey Cock (oil of canvas) by John James Audubon (1785-1851)/ University of Liverpool Art Gallery & Collections, UK
Thanksgiving
It is thought that the origin of our modern-day Thanksgiving comes from the pilgrim celebration of the first harvest in the new world after surviving a brutal winter. Legend has it that the festival was attended by Native Americans of the Wampanoag tribe. This feast had very little in common with our contemporary Thanksgiving meal. Early colonial life was very primitive; foods such as dried fruits, boiled fish and vegetables would have been served; a meal of excess and revelry would have been unheard of. Our modern Thanksgiving has moved far beyond the pious pilgrim feast and into the realm of the bacchanal and merry company.
SSI39822 Thanksgiving Turkey Shoot (colour litho) by American School (19th century) Private Collection
HJN343081 Gravy, 2008-09 (mixed media) by Henry John (Contemporary Artist)/ Private Collection